ARTICLE 28 (XXVIII)
That the general, great, and essential principles of liberty and free government may be recognized and established we declare, that --
Clause 1. The United States has no inherent rights or powers, neither implicit nor explicit, except for those functions and duties assigned to the United States by this Constitution and the means necessary to accomplish those functions and duties. The United States nor any elected or appointed Officer or official shall assume any function, power, or authorization not specifically assigned or authorized by this Constitution except by Amendment.
Clause 2. All political power is inherent in the People, and all free governments are founded on their authority, and instituted for their benefit; their sovereignty is the supreme, ultimate power, abiding in the people of an organized community or State.
Clause 3. That sovereignty is one, indivisible, inalienable, and imprescriptible.
Clause 4. That all other power in the State is derived from and is subordinate to, and revocable by, the sovereignty.
Clause 5. That governments are not sovereign, but the creatures of the sovereignty, ordained and established by it, for the purpose of a convenient exercise of its ordinary powers, in the enactment, administration, and execution of laws, to establish justice, and to promote the peace, good order, security, and prosperity of the State and the People have at all times the unalienable right to alter, reform, or abolish their form of government, in such manner as they may think expedient.
Clause 6. That constitutions or fundamental laws are the direct enactments of the sovereignty, organizing governments, delegating, defining, and limiting their powers, and enumerating the purposes for which those powers are to be exerted.
Clause 7. That allegiance is due only to the sovereignty, and obedience is due to government only as its regularly constituted organ.
Clause 8. That no mere government, whether it be a government proper or improper, has a right to resist the regularly expressed will of the sovereignty which created it, either for the purpose of retaining power, or of continuing its existence against that will.
Clause 9. That there ought to be established a real and effective responsibility on the part of all officials in every department of government.
Clause 10. That power given for one purpose cannot rightfully be exercised for any other, and therefore the taxing power can be exercised only to raise revenue to defray the expenses of government, defend the State, or for some other purpose specified in the grant of the power.
Clause 11. That the system of taxation adopted in a free State, ought to be just and equal in its operation as between individuals, classes, and sections; and ought to be generally and thoroughly understood by the people, in order that they may be enabled to hold their representatives to a real responsibility, and secure simplicity, economy, and purity, in the administration.
Clause 12. That in its relation to individuals, the protection of person, property, and character, against violence, fraud, and defamation, is the sole legitimate object of all just government; and an incompetent government which cannot, or a corrupt government, which will not give it, ought to be reformed or overthrown.
Clause 13. That it is the indispensable duty of a good government, to provide an easy, prompt, and adequate remedy for the infraction of every right; and a just, but certain punishment for every wrong or crime.
Clause 14. The People, when they form a social compact, have equal rights; and no person, or group of persons, is entitled to exclusive separate public emoluments or privileges, but in consideration of public services. All rights are retained by each person and shall never be denied, infringed, or violated in any way except in the sole circumstance of conviction of a crime or tort by due process of law and then only as directed in the particular case.
Clause 15. Every person has the inherent right of liberty, which is the unrestrained exercise of free will, which shall never be infringed, provided the exercise thereof does not violate the rights of any other person, and no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, property, or privileges, outlawed, or in any manner disfranchised, except by due course of the law of the land.
Clause 16. Each State retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not delegated to the Federal Government. All extant powers, programs, and duties not specially authorized by this Constitution and Amendments to the United States shall be devolved to the States, along with all property, facilities, resources, and any previously appropriated funds. Each State Legislature shall have the power to decide which of these devolved powers, programs, and duties to retain, eliminate, or alter for its citizens.
Clause 17. A State shall have the right to nullify within its borders any act of Congress that is in violation of this Constitution by a majority vote of its Legislative.
Clause 1. The fourteen through seventeen, nineteen, twenty-three, twenty-four, and twenty-six through twenty-seven Articles of Amendments to the Constitution of the United States are hereby repealed. All laws created under those Articles of Amendment are now null and void.
Clause 2. Senators may hold their office until the normal expiration of their term if a State does not take action to replace them. Each State reserves the power to recall either or both Senators at any time within their term of office and to send others in their stead for the remainder of their term of office.
Clause 3. A person cannot hold the offices of the President, Vice President, Senator, Representative, or any combination thereof for more than eight years or beyond age seventy years plus the remainder of incumbent's current term if the time or age limit is reached before the normal expiration of their office. Any President, Vice President, Senator, or Representative who has accumulated eight years or more or becomes seventy years of age or older before ratification of this Amendment can hold their office till the normal expiration of their term, but cannot be reelected for Federal office.
Clause 4. A full expense accounting shall be made of all funds spent by Congress, the President, and Vice President, all Federal Departments, and Agencies on their operations and shall be made available for public examination.
Clause 5. To clarify the laws and statures of the United States marriage shall consist only of the union of one man and one woman. The Congress shall not have the power to require that marital status or the legal incidents thereof be conferred upon same sex or unmarried couples or groups not meeting this requirement. Each individual State shall have the power to define marriage or the legal incidents thereof but no State shall be required under the full faith and credit clause in this Constitution to recognize any marriage contrary to their laws and these laws shall not be challenged in any Federal court.
Clause 6. The People of the individual States shall have the power to recall their State's Representative or Senator in Congress according to the laws of their State.
Clause 7. The United States nor any place subject to its jurisdiction and all private and public organizations or corporations shall not be required pay any type of reparations for slavery that once existed within the territory of the United States of America.
Clause 8. The military shall at all times be subordinate to the civil authority.
Clause 9. No person who has been convicted of a crime (unless pardoned) shall be eligible to hold office as a Senator or Representative and any extant Senator or Representative convicted of a crime shall not be allowed to continue in their office.
Clause 10. Congress shall have the power to set time limits when a candidate for any Federal office is allowed to withdraw their name from the ballot.
Clause 11. Any person may sue for redress as provided by law for any damages suffered through the illegal acts of any public official.
Clause 12. The Congress or any State or any political subdivision shall show neither favoritism nor hostility against religious expression on any public property or any public school.
Clause 13. The President, Vice President, and every Member of Congress shall disclose all sources of income outside of their salaries to include campaign contributions, gifts, and good and services in lieu of cash. The same shall be disclosed in a quarterly report available for public inspection.
Clause 14. If any citizen of the United States shall accept, claim, receive, or retain any title of nobility or honor, or shall without the consent of Congress, accept and retain any present, pension, office, or emolument of any kind whatever, from any emperor, king, prince, or foreign power, such person shall cease to be a citizen of the United States, and shall be incapable of holding any office of trust or profit under them, or either of them.
Clause 15. Except for areas on or near international borders or points of entry into the United States, security of Federally controlled land or facilities, and apprehension of illegal aliens, no Federal Agency or Executive Department shall have any legal jurisdiction within any State, including a distance of twelve miles off their seacoasts.
Clause 16. Congress shall have the power to allocate portions of the electromagnetic wave frequency spectrum for communication and other purposes and may set a fee schedule to cover the costs associated with this regulation. This clause does not give Congress the power to regulate the ownership, content, or political speech of broadcasters nor require any type of fairness doctrine for political speech.
Clause 17. The Congress or any State or political subdivision shall not have the power to seize any private property or any other type of asset forfeiture from a person not convicted of any crime. Nor shall private property or any other type of asset forfeiture be seized from a person convicted of a crime that was not a fruit of the said crime but property and assets may be forcibly sold for fair compensation to satisfy any fines, court fees, or compensation with any monies left over returned to the defendant.
Clause 18. All decisions of any Federal Court and any laws made on those decisions by the United States Congress after the year of 1920 shall be null and void.
Clause 19. Illegal aliens, non-citizen criminals, or foreign terrorists are not protected by full Constitutional rights as Citizens and legal aliens, but in a manner that Congress may by law provide for and non Citizens convicted of a crime shall be deported after the completion of their sentence.
Clause 20. When a State ratifies, rejects, or changes its vote of a proposed Article of Amendment the State shall instruct their Senators to declare the decision on the floor of the Senate and the same shall be entered into their Journal.
Clause 21. A State may withdraw its ratification of an Article of Amendment before it becomes part of this Constitution and shall instruct their Senators to declare the decision on the floor of the Senate and the same shall be entered into their Journal.
Clause 1. A provision of a treaty or other international agreement which conflicts with this Constitution, or which is not made in pursuance thereof, shall not be the supreme law of the land nor be of any force or effect.
Clause 2. A provision of a treaty or other international agreement shall become effective as internal law in the United States only through legislation valid in the absence of international agreement.
Clause 3. On the question of advising and consenting to the ratification of a treaty, the vote shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the Senators voting for and against shall be entered on the Journal of the Senate.
Clause 4. Congress shall have power to regulate all executive and other agreements with any foreign power or international organization. All such agreements shall be subject to the limitations imposed on treaties by this section.
This Part Supersedes Article 1, Section 2, Clauses 3 and 4.
Clause 3. Representatives and Direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States, which may be included within the United States, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding the whole number of Citizens. The number of Representatives shall be found by multiplying 0.000001 times the population of each individual State and rounding up to the next whole number (each State shall have at least one Representative) and their districts will be divided as evenly as possible by population. Enumerations shall be made every subsequent term of ten years from the last official enumeration, any census questions other than those to establish the official population of the United States is prohibited. Until the next scheduled enumeration shall be made, the States shall be entitled to the same number of Representatives as in the present United States Congress.
Clause 4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the Executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. If a State loses a majority of their Representatives in cases of terrorism, war, or other disaster then the Executive authority thereof shall have the power to appoint Representatives, which shall be members of the same political party as the representative they are replacing, until writs of election are decided by the electors of the State.
This Part Supersedes Article 1, Section 6, Clause 1.
Clause 1. Senators and Representatives shall receive for their services compensation, benefits, and allowances for themselves and staff members from the State which they represent with the exception of committees of Congress where extra staff support is required to perform the duties and responsibilities of the committee. The Congress will authorize funds from the Treasury for this expense according to the rules of the Constitution. They shall not receive within their terms of office any other compensation from the United States, any other State, or foreign power.
Clause 1a. Senators and Representatives shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either House; they shall not be questioned in any other place. Each Senator and Representative shall have one vote, which must be cast in person, no proxy voting is allowed either in committees or before the full Senate or House and each vote on any subject will be recorded in the respective House's journal.
This Part Supersedes Article 1, Section 7, Clause 2.
Clause 2. Every bill which shall have passed both Houses, shall before it becomes law, be presented to the President of the United States; if the President approves, the President shall sign it; but if not, the President shall return it with objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that House, it shall become law. But in all cases, yeas and nays shall determine the votes of both Houses, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill, shall be entered on the journal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays and national holidays excepted) after it shall have been presented to the President, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if the President had signed it, unless the Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return; in which case it shall not be law. The President may approve any appropriation and disapprove any other appropriation in the same bill. In such case the President shall, in signing the bill, designate the appropriations disapproved; and shall return a copy of such appropriations, with objections, to the House in which the bill shall have originated; and the same proceedings shall then be had as in case of other bills disapproved by the President.
Clause 2a. Congress shall appropriate no money from the Treasury except by a vote of two-thirds of both Houses, taken by yeas and nays, unless it be asked and estimated for by the Department head, and submitted to Congress by the President; or for the purpose of paying its own expenses and contingencies; or for the payment of claims against the United States, the justice of which shall have been judicially declared by a tribunal for the investigation of claims against the Government, which it is hereby made the duty of Congress to establish.
Clause 2b. All bills appropriating money shall specify in Federal currency, the exact amount of each appropriation, and the purposes for which it is made; and Congress shall grant no extra compensation to any public contractor, officer, agent or servant, after such contract shall have been made or such service rendered.
Clause 2c. After either branch of Congress has rejected a bill or resolution no bill or resolution containing the same substance shall be passed into a law during the same session.
Clause 2d. Every law, or resolution having the force of law, shall relate to but one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title and any bill shall be approved by a two-thirds majority of each House of Congress before being presented to the President. No law shall be revised or amended by reference to its title; but in such case the act revised, or section amended, shall be re-enacted and published at length.
Clause 2e. Congress shall pass no law that does not contain a concise and definite statement of the Constitutional authority relied upon for the enactment of each portion of that law.
Clause 2d. No administrative regulation written by any government agency shall not go into effect unless said administrative regulation is voted upon by Congress and shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by the President; or being disapproved, shall be re-passed by two-thirds of both Houses, according to the rules and limitations prescribed as in the case of a bill.
 |
|
|
|
 |
